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Common
Arthritis
Osteo (wear and tear), inflammatory (such as rheumatoid) or post-traumatic. Cartilage wear is progressive but can respond to a variety of treatment options.
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Meniscal tear
Cartilage tears are usually the result of a twisting or deep bending injury. If there are symptoms for longer than 3 months an arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) may be needed.
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Acute
Fractures
After significant trauma, may require surgical fixation.
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Dislocations
Most commonly involving the patella (knee cap).
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Ligament sprains or ruptures
Partial and total tears can lead to knee instability.
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Meniscal tear
In younger people often an acute onset after twisting or deep bending injury.
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Tendon ruptures
Major quadriceps or patella tendon ruptures require surgical repair.
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Acute knee swelling
Acute inflammation can be caused by a variety of conditions.
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Bursitis
Acute inflammation or infection of bursa between joint and skin.
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Other
Tendinopathy
Chronic tendon condition requiring specific exercises to improve.
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Patello-femoral overload syndrome
Often related to abnormal tracking of the knee cap with several possible causes.
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Impingement
Hoffa's fat pad impingement causing pain near the front of the knee.
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Plica syndrome
A plica is a normal fold of the inner knee lining but can get thickened causing painful rubbing over the thigh bone.
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Ilio-tibial band friction syndrome
Overuse condition causing pain on the outside of the knee.
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Baker's or popliteal cyst
A Baker's cyst is a swelling at the back of the knee related to arthritis. A politeal cyst occurs roughly in the same area but is related to tendons.
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Osgood-Schlatter disease
Causes a painful lump in adolescents related to bone growth. Pain can persist into adulthood.
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